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1 как дважды два (often with obj . clause) (it is)
Set phrase: crystal clear (that...)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > как дважды два (often with obj . clause) (it is)
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2 как дважды два четыре (often with obj . clause) (it is)
Set phrase: crystal clear (that...)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > как дважды два четыре (often with obj . clause) (it is)
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3 по крайней мере (often with spec . num.)
Set phrase: at leastУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > по крайней мере (often with spec . num.)
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4 Spread by word of mouth , with min
General subject: (-aɪrəl)(often on the Internet) viral (традиционно относится к эффективной устной рекламе, но в последнее время скорее описывает распространение популярных Интернет-материалов)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Spread by word of mouth , with min
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5 (-a& #618;rəl) Spread by word of mouth (often on the Internet), with min
General subject: viral (традиционно относится к эффективной устной рекламе, но в последнее время скорее описывает распространение популярных Интернет-материалов)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (-a& #618;rəl) Spread by word of mouth (often on the Internet), with min
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6 demented - see PHB Always applied to people, never to ideas. The plural form is often used as a noun. The pointy-haireds ordered me to use Windows NT, but I set up a Linux server with Samba instead.
Jargon: pointy hairedУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > demented - see PHB Always applied to people, never to ideas. The plural form is often used as a noun. The pointy-haireds ordered me to use Windows NT, but I set up a Linux server with Samba instead.
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7 Н-211
ВЫСОВЫВАТЬ/ВЫСУНУТЬ HOC coll VP subj: human if impfv, usu. neg)1. — откуда to poke one's head just barely out of some place, just enough to see outX высунул нос из места Y = X poked his nose out of place YX stuck (poked) his head out of place Y....Ничто не ускользало от свежего, тонкого вниманья, и, высунувши нос из походной телеги своей, я глядел и на невиданный дотоле покрой какого-нибудь сюртука, и на деревянные ящики с гвоздями... с изюмом и мылом, мелькавшие из дверей овощной лавки... (Гоголь 3)....Nothing escaped my fresh, keen observation, and poking my nose out of my traveling cart, I would stare at a novel cut of a coat never seen beforeat the wooden boxes filled with nails...or with raisins, or with soap-all glimpsed through the doors of grocery stores... (3c).2. - куда, откуда (often neg pfv fut, gener. 2nd pers sing носа не высунешь or pfv infin with нельзя, страшно etc) to leave the place one is in, go to some place (often with the implication that one abandons the protection of the place he is in and goes to an unsafe place, goes out into bad weather, exposes himself to danger etc): носа не высунешь (нельзя нос высунуть) (из дому (на улицу)) = you can't poke your nose out (outside (the house))you can't poke your nose out of doors (out of the house etc) you can't set foot out of doors (out of the house etc)X не высовывал носа - X was sitting tight.Знаю я эти места, бывал и там. Сейчас там небось носа не высунешь, метет! (Аксёнов 1). I know those parts, I've been up there. I bet right now it's snowing so hard there you can't poke your nose out (1a)....Нашему брату, хуторянину, высунуть нос из своего захолустья в большой свет - батюшки мои! - Это всё равно как, случается, иногда зайдёшь в покои великого пана: все обступят тебя и пойдут дурачить (Гоголь 5)....For a villager like me to poke his nose out of his hole into the great world is-merciful heavens! - just like what happens if you go into the apartments of some fine gentleman: they all come around you and make you feel like a fool... (5a).До самого генерального штаба ему не встретилось ни души... И хотя недавнее буйство, как показывал беглый осмотр, коснулось лишь нескольких улиц, все прочие горожане тоже сидели по норам и не высовывали носа. Верно, их распугал этот дальний грохот, теперь хорошо различимый (Терц 6). Not a soul did he meet all the way back to the H.Q. The recent violence, he now realised, had been confined to a few streets, but all the townsfolk - perhaps frightened by the distant rumbling which was growing louder-had crept into their lairs and were sitting tight (6a). -
8 высовывать нос
• ВЫСОВЫВАТЬ/ВЫСУНУТЬ HOC coll[VP; subj: human; if impfv, usu. neg]=====1. высовывать нос откуда to poke one's head just barely out of some place, just enough to see out:- X stuck (poked) his head out of place Y.♦...Ничто не ускользало от свежего, тонкого вниманья, и, высунувши нос из походной телеги своей, я глядел и на невиданный дотоле покрой какого-нибудь сюртука, и на деревянные ящики с гвоздями... с изюмом и мылом, мелькавшие из дверей овощной лавки... (Гоголь 3)....Nothing escaped my fresh, keen observation, and poking my nose out of my traveling cart, I would stare at a novel cut of a coat never seen before; at the wooden boxes filled with nails...or with raisins, or with soap-all glimpsed through the doors of grocery stores... (3c).2. высовывать нос куда, откуда [often neg pfv fut, gener. 2nd pers sing носа не высунешь or pfv infin with нельзя, страшно etc]⇒ to leave the place one is in, go to some place (often with the implication that one abandons the protection of the place he is in and goes to an unsafe place, goes out into bad weather, exposes himself to danger etc):- носа не высунешь (нельзя нос высунуть) (из дому < на улицу>) ≈ you can't poke your nose out (outside < the house>);- you can't poke your nose out of doors (out of the house etc);- you can't set foot out of doors (out of the house etc);♦ Знаю я эти места, бывал и там. Сейчас там небось носа не высунешь, метет! (Аксёнов 1). I know those parts, I've been up there. I bet right now it's snowing so hard there you can't poke your nose out (1a).♦...Нашему брату, хуторянину, высунуть нос из своего захолустья в большой свет - батюшки мои! - Это всё равно как, случается, иногда зайдёшь в покои великого пана: все обступят тебя и пойдут дурачить (Гоголь 5)....For a villager like me to poke his nose out of his hole into the great world is - merciful heavens! - just like what happens if you go into the apartments of some fine gentleman: they all come around you and make you feel like a fool... (5a).♦ До самого генерального штаба ему не встретилось ни души... И хотя недавнее буйство, как показывал беглый осмотр, коснулось лишь нескольких улиц, все прочие горожане тоже сидели по норам и не высовывали носа. Верно, их распугал этот дальний грохот, теперь хорошо различимый (Терц 6). Not a soul did he meet all the way back to the H.Q. The recent violence, he now realised, had been confined to a few streets, but all the townsfolk - perhaps frightened by the distant rumbling which was growing louder-had crept into their lairs and were sitting tight (6a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > высовывать нос
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9 высунуть нос
• ВЫСОВЫВАТЬ/ВЫСУНУТЬ HOC coll[VP; subj: human; if impfv, usu. neg]=====1. высунуть нос откуда to poke one's head just barely out of some place, just enough to see out:- X stuck (poked) his head out of place Y.♦...Ничто не ускользало от свежего, тонкого вниманья, и, высунувши нос из походной телеги своей, я глядел и на невиданный дотоле покрой какого-нибудь сюртука, и на деревянные ящики с гвоздями... с изюмом и мылом, мелькавшие из дверей овощной лавки... (Гоголь 3)....Nothing escaped my fresh, keen observation, and poking my nose out of my traveling cart, I would stare at a novel cut of a coat never seen before; at the wooden boxes filled with nails...or with raisins, or with soap-all glimpsed through the doors of grocery stores... (3c).2. высунуть нос куда, откуда [often neg pfv fut, gener. 2nd pers sing носа не высунешь or pfv infin with нельзя, страшно etc]⇒ to leave the place one is in, go to some place (often with the implication that one abandons the protection of the place he is in and goes to an unsafe place, goes out into bad weather, exposes himself to danger etc):- носа не высунешь (нельзя нос высунуть) (из дому < на улицу>) ≈ you can't poke your nose out (outside < the house>);- you can't poke your nose out of doors (out of the house etc);- you can't set foot out of doors (out of the house etc);♦ Знаю я эти места, бывал и там. Сейчас там небось носа не высунешь, метет! (Аксёнов 1). I know those parts, I've been up there. I bet right now it's snowing so hard there you can't poke your nose out (1a).♦...Нашему брату, хуторянину, высунуть нос из своего захолустья в большой свет - батюшки мои! - Это всё равно как, случается, иногда зайдёшь в покои великого пана: все обступят тебя и пойдут дурачить (Гоголь 5)....For a villager like me to poke his nose out of his hole into the great world is - merciful heavens! - just like what happens if you go into the apartments of some fine gentleman: they all come around you and make you feel like a fool... (5a).♦ До самого генерального штаба ему не встретилось ни души... И хотя недавнее буйство, как показывал беглый осмотр, коснулось лишь нескольких улиц, все прочие горожане тоже сидели по норам и не высовывали носа. Верно, их распугал этот дальний грохот, теперь хорошо различимый (Терц 6). Not a soul did he meet all the way back to the H.Q. The recent violence, he now realised, had been confined to a few streets, but all the townsfolk - perhaps frightened by the distant rumbling which was growing louder-had crept into their lairs and were sitting tight (6a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > высунуть нос
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10 Г-193
АДАМОВА ГОЛОВА NP fixed WOa representation of a human skull, often with two crossed bones underneath (as a symbol of death, poison etc): deaths-headthe sign of a skull and crossbones (in refer, to a pirate's flag with a skull and crossbones) Jolly Roger....Взглянув еще раз на руку нового знакомца, (Пьер) ближе рассмотрел перстень. Он увидал на нем адамову голову, знак масонства (Толстой 5)...Glancing once more at the strangers hands he (Pierre) looked more closely at his ring with its death's-head -a Masonic symbol (5a).Говорили, говорили мистики, что было время, когда красавец не носил фрака, а был опоясан широким кожаным поясом, из-за которого торчали рукояти пистолетов, а его волосы воронова крыла были повязаны алым шелком, и плыл в Караибском море под его командой бриг под чёрным гробовым флагом с адамовой головой (Булгаков 9). It was said, it was said by mystics that there had been a time when the handsome man did not wear a frock coat, but a wide leather belt with revolvers tucked into it, and his raven hair was tied with scarlet silk, and he commanded a brig that sailed the Caribbean under a dead black flag bearing the sign of the skull (9a). -
11 адамова голова
[NP; fixed WO]=====⇒ a representation of a human skull, often with two crossed bones underneath (as a symbol of death, poison etc):- deattts-head;- [in refer, to a pirate's flag with a skull and crossbones] Jolly Roger.♦...Взглянув еще раз на руку нового знакомца, [Пьер] ближе рассмотрел перстень. Он увидал на нем адамову голову, знак масонства (Толстой 5)....Glancing once more at the strangers hands he [Pierre] looked more closely at his ring with its death's-head - a Masonic symbol (5a).♦ Говорили, говорили мистики, что было время, когда красавец не носил фрака, а был опоясан широким кожаным поясом, из-за которого торчали рукояти пистолетов, а его волосы воронова крыла были повязаны алым шелком, и плыл в Караибском море под его командой бриг под чёрным гробовым флагом с адамовой головой (Булгаков 9). It was said, it was said by mystics that there had been a time when the handsome man did not wear a frock coat, but a wide leather belt with revolvers tucked into it, and his raven hair was tied with scarlet silk, and he commanded a brig that sailed the Caribbean under a dead black flag bearing the sign of the skull (9a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > адамова голова
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12 К-117
РАСХЛЁБЫВАТЬ КАШУ coll VP subj: human or collect often with пусть, надо, нужно, приходится etc) to rectify a difficult, troublesome, or unpleasant matter: X-y пришлось расхлёбывать кашу - X had to clear it (things) up X had to straighten it (things) out X had to deal with the mess X had to get himself (person Y) out of trouble (a mess, a jam)....Делая исключение для отца и матери, Миша постепенно преисполнился презрением к взрослым, заварившим кашу, которой они не в силах расхлебать (Пастернак 1).... Making an exception only for his parents, he (Misha) gradually became contemptuous of all grownups who had made this mess and were unable to clear it up (1a).«Давно приехать изволили?» - прибавил он снисходительно, как бы поощряя сконфузившегося посетителя. «Да вот только сегодня... Кашу вашу здешнюю расхлебывать» (Достоевский 2). "Did you come long ago, sir?" he added condescendingly, as though encouraging a shy visitor. "Just today... To deal with this mess here" (2a).Мало того что ты чуть не утопил мальчика из прекрасной семьи, - сердито говорил женский голос, - теперь ещё эта история, о которой говорит весь город!.. Расхлёбывай сам эту кашу» (Каверин 1). "It wasn't enough that you nearly drowned a boy of good family," said a woman's angry voice. "Now there has to be this affair, with the whole town talking about it....You'll have to get out of this trouble by yourself "(la).From the saying «Сам кашу заварил, сам и расхлебывай». See К-118. -
13 расхлебывать кашу
• РАСХЛЕБЫВАТЬ КАШУ coll[VP; subj: human or collect; often with пусть, надо, нужно, приходится etc]=====⇒ to rectify a difficult, troublesome, or unpleasant matter:- X had to get himself (person Y) out of trouble (a mess, a jam).♦...Делая исключение для отца и матери, Миша постепенно преисполнился презрением к взрослым, заварившим кашу, которой они не в силах расхлебать (Пастернак 1).... Making an exception only for his parents, he [Misha] gradually became contemptuous of all grownups who had made this mess and were unable to clear it up (1a).♦ "Давно приехать изволили?" - прибавил он снисходительно, как бы поощряя сконфузившегося посетителя. "Да вот только сегодня... Кашу вашу здешнюю расхлебывать" (Достоевский 2). "Did you come long ago, sir?" he added condescendingly, as though encouraging a shy visitor. "Just today... To deal with this mess here" (2a).♦ "Мало того что ты чуть не утопил мальчика из прекрасной семьи, - сердито говорил женский голос, - теперь ещё эта история, о которой говорит весь город!.. Расхлёбывай сам эту кашу" (Каверин 1). "It wasn't enough that you nearly drowned a boy of good family," said a woman's angry voice. "Now there has to be this affair, with the whole town talking about it....You'll have to get out of this trouble by yourself" (1a).—————← From the saying "Сам кашу заварил, сам и расхлебывай". See сам кашу заварил, сам и расхлебывай.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > расхлебывать кашу
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14 Х-97
ЛОМАТЬ ХРЕБЕТ VP1. substand (suby. human) to work, labor to the point of exhaustion, wear o.s. out with hard ( usu. menial) work ( usu. in an attempt to earn enough money to live on, often with the implication that one is being exploited by s.o.): X ломает хребет - X is breaking his backX is working his fingers to the bone X is working his tail (butt etc) off.2. \Х-97 кому-чему usu. media. Also: СЛОМАТЬ ХРЕБЕТ usu. media ( subj and indir obj: human or collect) to destroy or severely damage (some person, group, movement etc)X ломает Y-y хребет = X breaks (destroys) YX breaks Y's back."А с Першиным, между прочим, советую не ссориться. Не забывай, кто его поставил». - «Ну и что?» - «А то. Подрезов не таким, как ты, хребет ломает» (Абрамов 1). "By the way, I advise you not to fall out with Pershin. Don't forget who put him there." "What about it?" "Just this: Podrezov can break bigger people than you" (1a). -
15 ломать хребет
[VP]=====1. substand [suby. human]⇒ to work, labor to the point of exhaustion, wear o.s. out with hard (usu. menial) work (usu. in an attempt to earn enough money to live on, often with the implication that one is being exploited by s.o.):- X is working his tail (butt etc) off.2. ломать хребет кому-чему usu. media. Also: СЛОМАТЬ ХРЕБЕТ usu. media [subj and indir obj: human or collect]⇒ to destroy or severely damage (some person, group, movement etc):- X breaks Y's back.♦ "А с Першиным, между прочим, советую не ссориться. Не забывай, кто его поставил". - " Ну и что?" - "А то. Подрезов не таким, как ты, хребет ломает" (Абрамов 1). "By the way, I advise you not to fall out with Pershin. Don't forget who put him there." "What about it?" "Just this: Podrezov can break bigger people than you" (1a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > ломать хребет
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16 G40.2
рус Локализованная (фокальная) (парциальная) симптоматическая эпилепсия и эпилептические синдромы с комплексными парциальными судорожными припадкамиeng Localization-related (focal)(partial) symptomatic epilepsy and epileptic syndromes with complex partial seizures. Attacks with alteration of consciousness, often with automatisms. Complex partial seizures developing into secondarily generalized seizures -
17 длительный допустимый ток
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > длительный допустимый ток
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18 длительный допустимый ток
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > длительный допустимый ток
-
19 длительный допустимый ток
- courant permanent admissible, m
- courant admissible, m
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > длительный допустимый ток
-
20 мыть руки с мылом
General subject: wash (one's) hands with soap and water (The easiest way to prevent this flu virus is to wash your hands often with soap and water.)
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